Elucidation of the effect of formaldehyde and lipids on frozen stored cod collagen by FT-Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Badii F  Howell NK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(5):1440-1446

The effect of frozen storage (-10 and -30 degrees C), formaldehyde, and fish oil on collagen, isolated from cod muscle, was investigated. Salt- and acid-soluble collagen fractions as well as insoluble collagen indicated changes in solubility on frozen storage. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed a highly cooperative transition at 28.2 degrees C for isolated collagen. Changes in the thermodynamic properties of collagen were observed on frozen storage at -10 degrees C compared with the control at -30 degrees C because of changes in structure. In the presence of formaldehyde, there were no changes in the DSC collagen transition; however, in the presence of fish oil there was an increase in enthalpy and an extra peak was observed at 44.6 degrees C, indicating collagen-fish oil interaction. Structural changes resulted in a decrease in the solubility of collagen in salt and acid solution. FT-Raman spectra obtained for collagen at -10 degrees C and -30 degrees C confirmed the alteration of the conformation of collagen not only at -10 degrees C but also in the presence of formaldehyde and fish oil.  相似文献   

Forage and migration habitat of loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles in the central North Pacific Ocean   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jeffrey J. Polovina  George H. Balazs  Evan A. Howell  Denise M. Parker  Michael P. Seki  Peter H. Dutton 《Fisheries Oceanography》2004,13(1):36-51

Satellite telemetry from 26 loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and 10 olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtles captured and released from pelagic longline fishing gear provided information on the turtles’ position and movement in the central North Pacific. These data together with environmental data from satellite remote sensing are used to describe the oceanic habitat used by these turtles. The results indicate that loggerheads travel westward, move seasonally north and south primarily through the region 28–40°N, and occupy sea surface temperatures (SST) of 15–25°C. Their dive depth distribution indicated that they spend 40% of their time at the surface and 90% of their time at depths <40 m. Loggerheads are found in association with fronts, eddies, and geostrophic currents. Specifically, the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF) and the southern edge of the Kuroshio Extension Current (KEC) appear to be important forage and migration habitats for loggerheads. In contrast, olive ridleys were found primarily south of loggerhead habitat in the region 8–31°N latitude, occupying warmer water with SSTs of 23–28°C. They have a deeper dive pattern than loggerheads, spending only 20% of their time at the surface and 60% shallower than 40 m. However, the three olive ridleys identified from genetics to be of western Pacific origin spent some time associated with major ocean currents, specifically the southern edge of the KEC, the North Equatorial Current (NEC), and the Equatorial Counter Current (ECC). These habitats were not used by any olive ridleys of eastern Pacific origin suggesting that olive ridleys from different populations may occupy different oceanic habitats.  相似文献   

Modeling organic and inorganic acidity in two Nova Scotia rivers     

D. C. L. Lam  A. G. Bobba  R. A. Bourbonniere  G. D. Howell  M. E. Thompson 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1989,46(1-4):277-287

A watershed acidification model is modified to include organic acids and applied to the colored Moose Pit Brook and Mersey River in Nova Scotia. Comparison with 1983–1985 data confirmed the capability of the model to explain the different levels of organic and inorganic acidity exhibited in these two rivers. Based on the charge balance approach and a triprotic organic acid model, the charge density was found to be about 4 μeq organic anions per mg C of dissolved organic C for these two rivers.  相似文献   

Use of fluorescence imaging as a hygiene indicator for beef and lamb carcasses in UK slaughterhouses     

Dean Burfoot  David Tinker  Robin Thorn  Mary Howell 《Biosystems Engineering》2011,109(3):175-185

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Towards a standardised surveillance for Trichinella in the European Union     

Alban L  Pozio E  Boes J  Boireau P  Boué F  Claes M  Cook AJ  Dorny P  Enemark HL  van der Giessen J  Hunt KR  Howell M  Kirjusina M  Nöckler K  Rossi P  Smith GC  Snow L  Taylor MA  Theodoropoulos G  Vallée I  Viera-Pinto MM  Zimmer IA 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2011,99(2-4):148-160

Each year, more than 167 million pigs in the European Union (EU) are tested for Trichinella spp. under the current meat hygiene regulations. This imposes large economic costs on countries, yet the vast majority of these pigs test negative and the public health risk in many countries is therefore considered very low. This work reviewed the current Trichinella status across the EU as well as the national level of monitoring and reporting. It also reviewed which animal species were affected by Trichinella and in which species it should be surveyed. This information was used to design a cost-effective surveillance programme that enables a standardised monitoring approach within the EU. The proposed surveillance programme relies on identifying sub-populations of animals with a distinct risk. Low-risk pigs are finisher pigs that originate from so-called controlled housing. All other pigs are considered high-risk pigs. Controlled housing is identified by the application of a specific list of management and husbandry practices. We suggest that member states (MS) be categorised into three classes based on the confidence that Trichinella can be considered absent, in the specified sub-population of pigs above a specified design prevalence which we set to 1 per million pigs. A simple and transparent method is proposed to estimate this confidence, based on the sensitivity of the surveillance system, taking into account the sensitivity of testing and the design prevalence. The probability of detecting a positive case, if present, must be high (>95 or >99%) to ensure that there is a low or negligible risk of transmission to humans through the food chain. In MS where the probability of a positive pig is demonstrated to be negligible, testing of fattening pigs from a sub-population consisting of pigs from controlled housing can be considered unnecessary. Furthermore, reduced testing of finishers from the sub-population consisting of pigs from non-controlled housing might even be considered, if conducted in conjunction with a proportionate sampling scheme and a risk-based wildlife surveillance programme where applicable. The proposed surveillance programme specifies the required number of samples to be taken and found negative, in a MS. A MS with no data or positive findings will initially be allocated to class 1, in which all pigs should be tested. When a MS is able to demonstrate a 95% or 99% confidence that Trichinella is absent, the MS will be allocated to class 2 or 3, in which the testing requirement is lower than in class 1.  相似文献   

Optimal Stocking Density for Juvenile Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus     

Elizabeth A.  Fairchild W. Huntting  Howell 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2001,32(3):300-308

Abstract.— A 12-wk experiment was conducted to test the effects of 50, 100, 200, and 300% stocking densities (ventral fish area to bottom tank area ratio) on growth, survival, and aggressive behavior in 2-moold juvenile winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus . Over the course of the experiment, there were no differences ( P > 0.05) in growth between treatments at any given week. Survival decreased in all treatments over time, however, proportionately more fish died in the high (200 and 300%) density treatments. At the end of 12 wk, the 300% treatment had significantly lower survival ( P < 0.05). There were no differences in the degree of caudal fin damage between any of the treatments ( P > 0.05) suggesting that aggressive behavior. such as fin nipping, was not affected by stocking density. However, fish size was inversely related to caudal fin damage. When fish were sorted by length, the two smallest size categories (<2 cm and 2-3 cm) suffered the greatest fin nipping compared to each other ( P < 0.001) and all larger size categories ( P < 0.001). These results indicate that 50 to 300% stocking densities do not affect growth or aggressive behavior in juvenile winter flounder. Although survival was affected by density, the final yield (weight per treatment) at higher densities was still greater than at lower densities. Our hatchery recommendations are to stock at ≥200% but to monitor fish health carefully. Size grading should be employed to minimize aggression between fish size classes.  相似文献   

Mercury residues in chicken eggs and tissues from a flock exposed to methylmercury dicyandiamide.          下载免费PDF全文

J Howell 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1969,10(8):212-213

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Videoconferencing in a veterinary curriculum     

Sims MH  Howell N  Harbison B 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2007,34(3):299-310

Videoconferencing is a powerful and versatile method for distance learning. Videoconferencing incorporates real-time video and audio into connections with distant sites and, when combined with simultaneous Internet transmission of high-resolution images, enables veterinary educators to expand the classroom to include students and faculty from remote sites. The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine (UTCVM) has used videoconferencing to deliver and receive entire courses, virtual rounds, seminars, journal clubs, and small meetings and for in-house transmission from one area of the campus to another. Responses from faculty and students at UTCVM indicate that videoconferencing technology will be a permanent part of the academic mission of the college for years to come. This article describes a number of veterinary school applications using distance-learning approaches that the authors hope will serve as examples upon which others can build.  相似文献   

Efficacy of Intravenous Administration of Combined Acid Suppressants in Healthy Dogs          下载免费PDF全文

M.K. Tolbert  A. Odunayo  R.S. Howell  E.E. Peters  A. Reed 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2015,29(2):556-560

Background

Short‐term intravenous co‐administration of famotidine and pantoprazole is used by some veterinarians to treat gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill dogs. However, clinical studies have not evaluated the efficacy of combination acid suppressant treatment in dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To compare the effect of intravenous co‐administration of famotidine and pantoprazole to monotherapy with pantoprazole on intragastric pH in dogs. We hypothesized that single agent pantoprazole would be more effective than combination with famotidine.

Animals

Twelve healthy adult colony dogs.

Methods

Randomized, 2‐way crossover design. All dogs received placebo (0.9% saline) for 24 hours followed by 1.0 mg/kg IV q12h pantoprazole or combination treatment with famotidine and pantoprazole for 3 consecutive days. Intragastric pH monitoring was used to continuously record intragastric pH for 96 hours beginning on day 0 of treatment. Mean percentage time (MPT) that intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 were compared between groups using ANOVA with a posthoc Tukey‐Kramer test (α = 0.017).

Results

The MPT ± standard deviation intragastric pH was greater than ≥3 and 4 were 79 ± 17% and 68 ± 17% for pantoprazole and 74 ± 19% and 64 ± 23% for combination treatment, respectively. There were no significant differences in MPT intragastric pH was ≥3 and 4 between groups. Pantoprazole administered alone achieved pH goals established for humans with acid‐related disorders.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These results suggest that short‐term combination treatment with famotidine and pantoprazole is not superior to pantoprazole alone for increasing intragastric pH in dogs.  相似文献   

Neptune's Wind Speeds Obtained by Tracking Clouds in Voyager Images     

Hammel HB  Beebe RF  De Jong EM  Hansen CJ  Howell CD  Ingersoll AP  Johnson TV  Limaye SS  Magalhaes JA  Pollack JB  Sromovsky LA  Suomi VE  Swift CE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,245(4924):1367-1369

Images of Neptune obtained by the narrow-angle camera of the Voyager 2 spacecraft reveal large-scale cloud features that persist for several months or longer. The features' periods of rotation about the planetary axis range from 15.8 to 18.4 hours. The atmosphere equatorward of -53 degrees rotates with periods longer than the 16.05-hour period deduced from Voyager's planetary radio astronomy experiment (presumably the planet's internal rotation period). The wind speeds computed with respect to this radio period range from 20 meters per second eastward to 325 meters per second westward. Thus, the cloud-top wind speeds are roughly the same for all the planets ranging from Venus to Neptune, even though the solar energy inputs to the atmospheres vary by a factor of 1000.  相似文献